What is Biocompatibility?
Biocompatibility is a term used to describe the ability of a material or substance to be compatible with the human body, that is, not to cause adverse reactions when in contact with living tissues. This property is extremely important in several areas, such as medicine, dentistry and biomedical engineering, where materials are used to manufacture medical devices, implants and prosthetics.
Types of Biocompatibility
There are different types of biocompatibility, which can be classified according to the organism's response to the material in question. The main types are:
Inert Biocompatibility
Inert biocompatibility is characterized by the absence of interaction between the material and the tissues of the human body. In this case, the material is considered safe and does not cause inflammatory or immunological reactions. Examples of materials with inert biocompatibility are titanium and polyethylene, widely used in the manufacture of orthopedic implants.
Bioactive Biocompatibility
Bioactive biocompatibility occurs when the material is capable of interacting with the tissues of the human body, stimulating the formation of bone tissue or promoting cell adhesion. This property is especially important in materials used in bone regeneration, such as hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials.
Hemocompatible Biocompatibility
Hemocompatible biocompatibility is related to the interaction between the material and blood. Materials with this property are capable of preventing the activation of the blood coagulation system, preventing the formation of thrombi and ensuring adequate blood circulation. This property is essential in implantable medical devices such as stents and heart valves.
Biocompatibility Assessment
Assessing the biocompatibility of a material is a complex process, which involves carrying out specific tests and trials. These tests are carried out in accordance with standards and regulations established by regulatory bodies, such as the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Biocompatibility Tests
Biocompatibility tests are carried out in the laboratory and can include different tests, such as:
Cytotoxicity Test
The cytotoxicity test evaluates the effect of the material on cells, checking whether it is capable of causing damage or cell death. This test is performed using cell cultures and can be done qualitatively or quantitatively.
Sensitization Test
The sensitization test checks whether the material is capable of causing allergic reactions in the body. In this test, the material is applied to the skin or in contact with cells of the immune system, and possible inflammatory or immunological reactions are observed.
Dermal Irritation Test
The dermal irritation test evaluates the material's ability to cause skin irritation. In this test, the material is applied directly to the skin and possible reactions are observed, such as redness, swelling or itching.
Final considerations
Biocompatibility is an essential property in materials used in healthcare, ensuring the safety and effectiveness of medical devices and implants. Biocompatibility assessment is a rigorous process, which involves carrying out specific tests to ensure the safety of the materials used. Understanding the different types of biocompatibility and the tests involved in this process is essential for the development of safe and effective materials.
